A cardiac follow-up is recommended for all children who have been treated for MIS-C.

Investigators at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) analyzed results of follow-up heart studies for all children who had been hospitalized at CHLA for multisystem inflammatory syndrome, or MIS-C, and found that many patients had abnormal findings on at least one cardiac study at their six-month follow-up. 

Also, the proportion of abnormal findings was not significantly different between patients who experienced cardiac injury during their hospitalization compared with patients who did not have overt cardiac complications during their hospitalization.

Results of the study were published in Pediatrics.

“We wanted to find out if there were any lingering cardiac effects in children treated for MIS-C, given that some of them were so ill they needed to be admitted to the intensive care unit but then went on to make what looked like a complete clinical recovery,” says Jackie Szmuszkovicz, MD, a pediatric cardiologist at CHLA, medical director of the hospital’s Kawasaki Disease Program, and co-senior author on the study, in a release.

In the US, nearly 10,000 children and adolescents have developed MIS-C following COVID-19 infection. MIS-C is a serious, potentially life-threatening illness that results in inflammation, with the cardiovascular system frequently affected. During the acute phase of the disease, some patients experience acute cardiac injury, while others do not. 

Although other centers have focused their follow-up studies on patients who had evidence of cardiac complications during the acute phase of the disease, investigators at CHLA opted to include all patients who returned for follow-up—whether or not they had experienced cardiac injury during hospitalization.

“At Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, we care for probably one of the largest populations of MIS-C patients in the country,” says Andrew Cheng, MD, a pediatric cardiologist at CHLA and co-senior author of the study, in a release. “We felt like we needed to really find out how these kids were doing before they got an ‘all clear.’” 

Sixty-nine patients returned to CHLA for at least one follow-up cardiac evaluation and were included in the analysis. Overall, muscle contractions of the heart appeared normal. Cardiac health was assessed further using three measures to detect more subtle changes:

• Cardiac MRI—to provide information about the health of the heart muscle, such as the presence of inflammation and scar tissue, and how well it was functioning
• Ambulatory heart rhythm monitoring—to check for arrhythmias by continuous monitoring
• Cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing—to determine the health of the heart and lungs and the child’s ability to exercise to their maximum potential

The most common finding was an abnormal MRI measurement of the health of the heart muscle. The investigators suggest further follow-up is needed to determine if this is from inflammation or if there could be permanent damage, like scarring. Nine percent of patients had a documented arrhythmia. 

This change in the normal heart rhythm could be transient or may be a result of damage to the heart that could predispose the child to having an abnormal heart rhythm and the health consequences of this condition later in life. Using exercise stress testing, the investigators saw a number of children who had lower-than-expected exercise capacity. However, this finding was complicated by the fact that children became sedentary during the pandemic, which may have also impacted their exercise capacity.

Overall, the testing showed that subclinical cardiac effects were seen in many patients who had been treated for MIS-C.

“We were surprised to see that many patients had some sign of cardiac pathology, so we recommend that all patients who had MIS-C receive a cardiac follow-up evaluation,” says Szmuszkovicz in the release. “The extent of cardiac abnormalities varied, with some changes being quite subtle. Whether these changes are transient or permanent is still unknown. However, if the damage is permanent, these kids are potentially at lifelong risk of early heart disease. It is important to know now so that steps can be taken to help mitigate that risk.”

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